Vestibular and Neurological Systems: Causes of Imbalance

Vertigo and feelings of lightheadedness are common symptoms stemming from various sources within the vestibular system, the central nervous system, and related physiological processes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

Vestibular System Dysfunction

The vestibular system, located in the inner ear, plays a critical role in balance and spatial orientation. Disruptions to this system can manifest as dizziness, vertigo (a sensation of spinning), and imbalance. Causes include:

• Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): Characterized by brief episodes of vertigo triggered by specific head movements. Caused by displacement of calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) in the semicircular canals.
• Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuronitis: Inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinthitis) or the vestibular nerve (vestibular neuronitis), often caused by viral infections. Symptoms include vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.
• Ménière's Disease: A chronic inner ear disorder causing episodes of vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
• Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications (e.g., aminoglycoside antibiotics) or exposure to loud noises.

Central Nervous System Disorders

Conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord can also cause dizziness and lightheadedness. These include:

• Migraine: Some migraine sufferers experience vertigo or dizziness as an aura or symptom.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Damage to the central nervous system can disrupt balance and coordination.
• Stroke: A stroke can affect the brain areas responsible for balance and coordination, resulting in dizziness and vertigo.
• Head Injuries (Traumatic Brain Injury): Concussions and other head injuries can disrupt vestibular function.